CHARLES WILLIAMS

On Tue, 19 Nov 1996, ________ wrote:

<< ... Someone on this list (or was it another list?) mentioned the works of Charles Williams, a contemporary of C. S. Lewis, as examples of Christian speculative fiction. This may or may not be true; I have not read any of his writings. But Charles Williams was himself a practising occultist, a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (whose rituals he zealously committed to memory), and the author of a book ("The Greater Trumps") which has as its basis an allegory on the Tarot cards of fortune-telling fame. Many of Williams' contemporaries (*not* including C. S. Lewis, who knew better!) disguised their pseudo-mystical (occult) activities with a thin veneer of Christianity, to make it acceptable (to themselves, of course!). ... >>

________,

I think I will have to differ with you on this one! Charles Williams was actually a Christian writer and scholar who dwelt in the nether regions of the interface between Western Christianity [Anglican] and (Eastern) Orthodoxy. You might say that he adopted some of the forms of the occult as a language of communication and Christian witness to a world of which he knew and had known (but had never tarried there for long, having seen through it with wonderful clarity in the light of the Gospel). See, for example, John Heath- Stubbs, Charles Williams, London / New York / Toronto /: Longmans, Green & Co., 1955. Probably the best way for an Orthodox Christian (or any Christian) to understand Charles Williams is by analogy with Vladimir Lossky's perspective on the pseudo-Dionysius. In Chapter Seven of his book, The Vision of God, Lossky wrote, "Common opinion would see in Dionysius (or pseudo-Dionysius) a Platonist with a tinge of Christianity...After studying St. Dionysius it seems to me that just the opposite is true: here is a Christian thinker disguised as a neo-Platonist, a theologian very much aware of his task, which was to conquer the ground held by neo-Platonism by becoming a master of its philosophical method. Fr. Cesla Pera is right when he says: `The position of Dionysius with regard to the thinkers of Greece is a relationship not of genetic dependency but of victorious opposition...'" This is the approach that I would commend to you for Charles Williams. Not Charles Williams, but Owen Barfield was the Inkling who evidently passed over into the occult (or maintained some kind of symbiosis with it via Anthroposophy). Charles Williams himself, I daresay, was as close to Orthodoxy as a "Westerner" can get, and was perhaps more Orthodox than some Orthodox! I've tacked on an old note which you might find helpful.

PLATONIC FORMS, IDEAS, DEMONS

November 19, 1996

mmm

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On Tue, 19 Nov 1996, ________ wrote:

<< ... Thank you for this clarification. I can appreciate the distinctions raised, although I do know some "New Agers" who justify their fondness for divination with references to "The Greater Trumps." What, exactly, is that book about? ... >>

________,

I wanted to reply to you sooner, but discovered that I could not recall the actual story of The Greater Trumps even though the book has been in my library along with some of the other books by Charles Williams, and some about, him for many years (Dec. 28, 1976 for The Greater Trumps ). Being home from work nursing a sort of cold for several days, I had time to read through most of the book yesterday and finished this morning. Meanwhile Steve Hayes and you have made a number of very good and pertinent points. The book fits exactly the pattern I suggested to you the other day as the best (and Orthodox) interpretation of what Charles Williams is doing in his "supernatural thriller" novels. Actually, there is no "supernatural" for Charles Williams in the common "Western" dualistic sense, for "nature" and "supernature" interpenetrate in the way that Vladimir Lossky describes for the Mystical Theology of Orthodoxy (difficult for Roman Catholics because of their doctrine of "created grace", terrifying for Evangelicals fearful of Watchman Nee's "latent power of the soul", but likely more comprehensible to Calvinistic hearts and minds).

Steve's excellent point about the Fool is something that I had noticed too, with great appreciation, and indeed it should be apparent, and I would hope significant, to all Orthodox Christians who are really in touch with Holy Tradition, and particularly those who recall that the topic of "folly for Christ's sake" recently came up.................... I would sooner leave The Greater Trumps for you to read and enjoy, but please let me just remark that it is Aunt Sybil, the figure of the Hesychast (evident as you closely scrutinize Williams' development of her character), also Sarovian in the snow, who alone, at first, is able to perceive the Fool in motion. Power vastly greater and other than the Tarot (is it almost "Torah" spelled backwards, if that means anything?) is at work here against which the occult, pale, faint, banal replica of reality that it is (yet seemingly so powerful to those outside the Center) cannot prevail. And notice also how Sybil-who-sees-the-Fool so gracefully reaches out to the "mad woman" with such deep, caring insight into her plight, never plying her with the pharmaceuticals, strait jackets, or whatever, designed to block out all but the conventional "Western" thought forms. Williams is describing something which transcends even modern the "New Age" (Spiritual-Emergence) methods of Psychiatry (or Shamanism) (with which Orthodoxy has a certain transforming affinity).

Speaking of Psychiatry, there are some scenes in The Greater Trumps rather reminiscent of that strange Gnostic-like spirit attack which C. G. Jung describes has having impinged on him as he was being initiated into his world of the Archetypes. Different than C. G Jung, however, who succumbed to these forces and in some sense joined them, Charles Williams presents the way to master them in Christ, thereby returning them to their own proper places in the order of created reality. Of course, Archetypal theory should not be used to interpret Williams, although it may offer a few clues. Reality, however, stands Jungian theory on its head, not Crucifixion but Hanged Man (but like the thief who repented, I would pray it may one day be so). Note Charles Williams' use of this imagery.

If you choose to get into a thorough study of Charles Williams, I would recommend the major study by Mary McDermott Shideler, The Theology of Romantic Love: A Study of the Writings of Charles Williams, Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans, 1966. Williams' mode of writing is described as "imagist" as distinguished from "allegorical". The images are actual instances of the realities intended, and the Orthodox will notice how close Williams comes to "iconic" modes of consciousness which place all that he has to say in a distinctly apophatic setting. Orthodox Christians will delight in the implications of Williams' imagery of "Byzantium"...

November 21, 1996

mmm

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On Fri, 22 Nov 1996, ________ wrote:

<< ...
>and "supernature" interpenetrate in the way that Vladimir Lossky describes
>for the Mystical Theology of Orthodoxy (difficult for Roman Catholics because
>of their doctrine of "created grace", terrifying for Evangelicals fearful
>of Watchman Nee's "latent power of the soul", but likely more comprehensible
>to Calvinistic hearts and minds).

Is this in reference to the "energies" of God (rather than His "essence") as present in creation? Is it possible to elaborate on the differences identified above, i.e., Roman Catholic and protestant teachings on grace in relation to Williams' presentation of the Orthodox doctrine on same in his books?... >>

Yes, this is it exactly, but I would sooner take these references to Roman Catholics and Protestants in the first place as just rhetorical foils against which to positively affirm the Orthodox teaching on God's Uncreated Energies and Grace immediately present in and upholding Nature, essentially distinct from Nature, but not apart or far-removed from Nature as if separated by a gap, rather than run the risk of generating the caricatures of Western positions to which the conventional Orthodox slant seems so regularly oriented. This intimate, Orthodox, epiphanic, "theosophical" (as I like to distinguish it from the "rationalistic") relationship of God to Creation is beautifully described in that book by S. A. Mousalimas, The Transition from Shamanism to Russian Orthodoxy in Alaska previously mentioned. As Maximos Aghiorgoussis describes this relationship between the Creator and the creature, "The energies of God, being present in the creation, keep the creation in being and govern it to achieve its goal, *theosis*. There is nothing such as an `independent nature' in the theology of the Greek Fathers. `Nature' always depends on `supernature,' God. God's grace (energies) is necessary in order for the `nature' to continue to be authentic. Nature deprived of grace is no longer true, authentic nature. It moves towards inauthentic existence. The only authentic existence for nature is for it to be dependent on the energies of God. It is from these energies that creation has both its `being' and its `well-being,' let alone its `eternal being,' in communion with the eternal God" (p.31 of Maximos Aghiorgoussis, Christian Existentialism of the Greek Fathers: Persons, Essence, and Energies in God, The Greek Orthodox Theological Review... I have a copy of this article but without the specific reference details. Paper delivered to the Boston Theological Society on Dec. 13, 1977). "Supernature" here is not some intermediary created or semi-created entity hovering scarily between God and creation. Whatever "supernature" might have become in the West, in Orthodox Holy Tradition it is resolved back into the Uncreated and the created only. Although I gather that there can be found checks and balances and subtleties in the Western Scholastic tradition by which these theological difficulties can be overcome, this strange (to the Orthodox) notion of "created grace" does perhaps symbolize a certain failure on the part of some Western Christians to clearly determine the "level" at which the "dividing line" between God and the world has been placed. This key issue is very helpfully addressed by Christos Yannaras in his paper, Scholasticism and Technology, in Eastern Churches Review, Volume 6, 1974. Fr. George A. Maloney, S.J., a Byzantine-rite Roman Catholic scholar, looks at it this way: "The West has suffered from the thought categories taken from neo-Platonism by Augustine and inserted into Western theology and spirituality. But when Western schoolmen no longer were mystics like the earlier theologians who could discourse on contemplation and never separate it completely from God as Life, theology fell into a rationalization of man's anthropomorphic view of God. It forgot to view God from God's view as revealed in Holy Scripture and as commented on by the early Fathers in their view of salvific history through God's revealed Word..Grace all too often became a "thing" to be amassed and stored up in some heavenly bank as security against the day of reckoning, instead of the Trinity living its uncreated energies within us, working dynamically to divinize us and through us to bring the Incarnation and Redemption to the world" (George A. Maloney, S.J., A Theology of Uncreated Energies, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Press, 1978 [The 1978 Pere Marquette Theology Lecture], pp.113-114). Well, at least I have let a Roman Catholic say it here. He said it, and I have reported it for thoughtful consideration. To what degree individual Roman Catholics and Protestants (and Orthodox) actually do perceive the pervasive presence of the Uncreated Energies in reality roundabout them I cannot say, but I do have the impression that they will be seeing more clearly if they can make it through the works of Charles Williams! Now the Evangelical, Watchman Nee, arguably quasi-gnostic in his theology, was perhaps wise in his time and situation to warn against the dangers of unleashing the so-called "latent power of the soul" (see his book by this name), but, here, for us, with the Holy Tradition and a good Spiritual Director (and/or the Pilgrim) to keep us on track, we can proceed with courage to let open our heart-doors of perception (II Corinthians 3:18). Calvinist Reformational Christians in the tradition of Dooyeweerd and Diemer are in a good position to know whereof we speak.

On Fri, 22 Nov 1996, ________ also observed:

<<
>
>"Western" thought forms. Williams is describing something which transcends
>even modern the "New Age" (Spiritual-Emergence) methods of Psychiatry (or
>Shamanism) (with which Orthodoxy has a certain transforming affinity).

The symptoms may be similar, but I suspect that the therapeutic intervention, modalities employed, and the goal of treatment are quite distinct from, say, psychosynthesis or other "transpersonal" therapies (with the possible exception of Victor Frankl's logotherapy). >>

Well, I certainly also was not implying that anyone should necessarily simply embrace Orthodoxy and abandon their medications or other helpful modalities. Even the chemical `descents into hell', claimed to be simply "side effects" of some of the psychopharmaceuticals, can be recruited into a spiritual discipline akin to that of Fr. Silouan on Mount Athos whom the Lord advised to `keep his mind in hell, but despair not.' And the Orthodox aim here, as with all modalities no doubt, is not at all to just accommodate worldly and occult means and interpretations, but, rather, to recall and to apply the Godly perspectives already known to Spiritual Directors throughout the ages, partially even perhaps by those not yet entered into the fullness of Holy Tradition. The various accounts of `folly for Christ's sake' should be an ample reminder to all of us that not all madness is madness, and I think that this is one of the main points that I wanted to make. Moreover, even when cases of psychiatric disorder do in fact verge on the pathological, even here the Orthodox frame of reference remains the primary touchstone of reality, and our aim is certainly never to force reasonable minds back into nothing more than a rationalistic "Western" mold. Check, for example, John Savard, Perfect Fools Folly for Christ's Sake in Catholic and Orthodox Spirituality, Oxford University Press, 1980, Chapter 8: Jean- Joseph Surin: Schizophrenia or Spirituality?. Compare Stanislav Grof and Christina Grof, Spiritual Emergency *When Personal Transformation Becomes a Crisis*, Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., 1989, Roger N. Walsh, M.D., PhD., The Spirit of Shamanism, Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., 1990, M.A. Screech, Good Madness in Christendom, Chapter One of W.F. Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness Essays in the History of Psychiatry, London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985, Volume I, and M.A. Screech, Ecstasy and the Praise of Folly, London: Duckworth & Co., Ltd., 1980. There is much more of value that could be listed, but this is at least sufficient to get started...

November 23, 1996

mmm

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